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- Latin and Greek languages The language-learning texts tell us a lot about pronunci-ation, because sometimes the Latin is transliterated into Greek script, or vice versa Of course, interpreting that evidence is complicated, because not only was the Latin language changing over time, but the Greek language was changing too.
- Latin For Dummies takes you back for a quick jaunt through the parlance of ancient Rome, as well as discussing the progress of Latin into church language, and its status today as the 'dead' language that lives on in English, Spanish, Italian, and most other Western tongues. Written for those with zero prior knowledge of Latin, this snappy guide.
To get a handle on Latin, you have to study the normal language things like verb conjugations, including those irregular verbs and verb endings. You need to pay attention to noun cases as well, and learn the basic question words and the short words that help you connect your thoughts. And, as you discover more Latin, you come to realize that its contributions to English are evident in words you use every day, so, even though there are no native Latin speakers anymore, the language lives on.
Latin For Dummies Cheat Sheet To get a handle on Latin, you have to study the normal language things like verb conjugations, including those irregular verbs and verb endings. You need to pay attention to noun cases as well, and learn the basic question words.
Latin Noun Cases
A love supreme 2.0 zip. In Latin, what form a noun takes depends on how it’s being used. You use different forms of a noun if it’s a subject, another if it’s an indirect object. The following table lists noun cases and uses.
Basic Noun Case | Uses |
---|---|
Nominative | subject |
Genitive | possession |
Dative | indirect object |
Accusative | direct object, place to which, extent of time |
Ablative | means, manner, place where, place from which, time when, time within which, agent, accompaniment, absolute |
Common Irregular Latin Verbs
Like any language, Latin has regular and irregular verbs. Regular verbs follow common rules when you conjugate them; irregular verbs follow their own rules. The following table shows some of the most used irregular verbs, their conjugations, and pronunciations:
Latin Language Pdf
Verb | Meaning |
---|---|
fero, ferre, tuli, latus (feh-ro, fehr-reh, tu-lee, lah-tus) | to bear, carry |
sum, esse, fui, futurus (sum, ehs-seh, fu-ee, fu-too-rus) | to be |
volo, velle, volui (woh-lo, woh-leh, woh-lu-ee) | to want |
nolo, nolle, nolui (no-lo, no-leh, no-lu-ee) | not to want |
malo, malle, malui (mah-lo, mah-leh, mah-lu-ee) | to prefer |
eo, ire, ii, iturus (eh-o, ee-reh, ih-ee, ih-too-rus) | to go |
Helpful Latin Verb Endings
In Latin, you don’t always need two words to form a complete sentence. The ending of a verb can provide a pronoun, so the quote attributed to Julius Caesar — “Veni, vidi, vici” — grammatically translates as “I came, I saw, I conquered.” The following table shows verb endings and the pronouns they represent:
Singular | Plural |
---|---|
–o, –r, –m, –i = I | –mus, –mur = we |
–s, –ris, –isti = you (s.) | –tis, –mini = you (pl.) |
–t, –tur = he, she, it | –nt, –ntur = they |
Counting On — and Pronouncing — Roman Numerals
Actual Latin speakers — or more truthfully writers — used Roman numerals instead of the Arabic system English speakers use today. But Roman numerals are still in use, probably most notably in counting Super Bowls and in copyright dates. The following table shows you the basic numbers, the Latin, and the pronunciation:
Roman Numeral | Latin | English |
---|---|---|
I | unus (oo-nus) | one |
II | duo (du-oh) | two |
III | tres (trays) | three |
IV | quattuor (kwuht-tu-ohr) | four |
V | quinque (kween-kweh) | five |
VI | sex (sehks) | six |
VII | septem (sehp-tehm) | seven |
VIII | octo (ohk-to) | eight |
IX | novem (noh-wehm) | nine |
X | decem (deh-kehm) | ten |
L | quinquaginta (kween-kwah-gihn-tah) | fifty |
C | centum (kehn-tum) | one hundred |
D | quingenti (kween-gehn-tee) | five hundred |
M | mille (mihl-leh) | thousand |
Useful Little Latin Words
Fishing master world tour wii iso. In Latin, as in other languages, little words can mean a lot. How can you make a point without being able to say, “I see your point, but . . .?”The short Latin words in the following table provide some crucial transition words:
Word | Meaning |
---|---|
et (eht), atque (uht-kweh), ac (ahk), que (kweh) | and |
sed (sehd) | but |
autem (ow-tehm) | however |
aut (owt) | or |
sive . . . sive (see-weh, see-weh) | whether . . . or |
neque (neh-kweh), nec (nehk) | and not |
ita (ee-tuh), sic (seek), tam (tuhm) | so |
si (see) | if |
nisi (nih-sih) | if . . . not |
Latin Question Words
Being able to ask questions is an important part of learning any language. Latin question words are listed in the following table. Use them and you can sound both knowledgeable (not many people can speak Latin) and puzzled (because they are questions after all).
Latin For Dummies Free Pdf
Word | Meaning |
---|---|
cur? (kur) | why? |
ubi? (u-bee) | where?, when? |
quis? (kwihs) | who? |
quid? (kwihd) | what? |
quantus? (kwuhn-tus) | how great? |
quot? (kwot) | how many? |
qualis? (kwuh-lihs) | what kind of? agent, accompaniment, absolute |